In this cumulative thesis, a time-resolved quantitative temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) measurement technique was developed and used to measure temperatures at subsonic and up to hypersonic flow velocities in two different short duration wind tunnels. Based on this measurement technique it was possible to calculate the heat transfer into a wedge model in the High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel Göttingen (HEG). Furthermore, the measurement technique was developed further to determine the location of laminar-turbulent transition on the two-dimensional wind tunnel model PaLASTra, which offers a quasi-uniform streamwise pressure gradient, in the Cryogenic Ludwieg-Tube Göttingen (DNW-KRG) with temporal and spatial accuracy that had not been reached before. The quantitative temperature results obtained from TSP measurements allowed the systematic analysis of unit Reynolds number, Mach number and pressure gradient effects on laminar-turbulent transition at flow speeds from M = 0.35 to 0.77.